Introduction. Part 1 The Popes the Church and the Jews: The Church and the Jews; Agobard of Lyons and the origins of the medieval conception of the Jew; Papal and royal attitudes towards Jewish lending in the thirteenth century; The 1007 anonymous and Papal sovereignty; Jewish perceptions of the Papacy and Papal policy in the Middle Ages; The Avignonese Papacy, or after the expulsions; Papal mendicants or mendicant Popes: continuity and change in Papal policies towards the Jews at the end of the fifteenth century. Part 2 Jewish Life Under the Sign of the Cross: Conversion, apostacy and apprehensiveness: Emicho of Flonheim and the fear of the Jews in the twelfth century; The Jewish family in the Rhineland: form and function; Jacob b. Elie and Jewish settlement in Venice in the thirteenth century, with the addition of 'The Letter of Maestro Andrea'; Holy body, holy society: conflicting medieval structural perceptions; By land or by sea: the passage of the Kalonymides to the Rhineland in the tenth century; Index.